Согласование времен. Косвенная речь

В этом посте вы узнаете, что такое косвенная речь, и как правильно ее употреблять в английском языке.

Что такое косвенная речь?

При помощи косвенной речи мы можем сообщить о том, что было сказано кем-то, но не дословно.

Например:

• They said that you hadn't liked the movie
• Косвенная речь: Они сказали, что тебе не понравилось кино
• Дословно: Мне не понравилось кино

• She mentioned that she liked tennis
• Косвенная речь: Она отметила, что она любит теннис
• Дословно: Я люблю теннис

• He claimed that he wouldn't come
• Косвенная речь: Он заявил, что не придет
• Дословно: Я не приду

• Tom said that he was preparing for the exam
• Косвенная речь: Том сказал, что он готовится к экзамену
• Дословно: Я готовлюсь к экзамену

Как работает косвенная речь?

Чтобы передать какое-либо высказывание в косвенной речи, мы просто переносим грамматическое время предложения "на одно время назад".

Например:

• Present Simple --> Past Simple
• I like cheese - He said that he liked cheese
• Past Simple --> Past Perfect
• I went to America - She said that she had gone to America
• Future Simple --> Future in the Past
• Will you come to the party? They asked if you would come to the party
• Present Continuous --> Past Continuous
• I am going home - Tom said that he was going home
• Present Perfect --> Past Perfect
• They have arrived in New York - They said that they had arrived in New York

Обстоятельства времени в косвенной речи

Переводя предложения в косвенную речь, не забывайте менять обстоятельства времени:

• today --> that day
• I can't do it today - He said that he couldn't do it that day
• yesterday --> the day before
• I saw him yesterday - She said that she had seen him the day before
• tomorrow --> the next day
• Will you do it tomorrow? - He asked if you would do it the next day
• ago --> before
• I saw him 2 days ago - He said that he had seen him 2 days before
• this --> that
• I like this chair - He said that he liked that chair
• these --> those
• These books are awesome - He said that those books were awesome
• here --> there
• I can't stay here - She said that she couldn't stay there
• last year --> the year before
• I was there last year - He said that he had been there the year before
• last month --> the month before
• I finished the project last month - She said that she had finished the project the month before
• next --> the following
• See you next week - He said that we would see each other the following week
• now --> then / at that time
• He is eating now - She said that he was eating then / at that time

Структура косвенной речи

Утверждения и отрицания передаются при помощи союза "that", который можно опускать. Он ставится (или не ставится) после вступительной фразы (he explained that, she said that, they noted that)

Например:

• I finished school - She said (that) she had finished school
• I don't like you - He said (that) he didn't like me

Вопросы передаются при помощи союзов if / whether. Их опускать нельзя. Они ставятся после конструкции вопроса (she asked, he wondered, they wanted to know). При этом сам знак вопроса не ставится.

Например:

• Did you finish school? He asked me if / whether I had finished school
• Do you like me? She asked if / whether I liked her

Согласование времен. Косвенная речь. Контрольные упражнения

Хороший репетитор по английскому посоветовал бы закрепить изученную тему: следующие упражнения помогут вам научиться правильно использовать косвенную речь в английском языке.

Пожалуйста, переведите следующие предложения в косвенную речь.

Можете выбирать любого деятеля (he said, she noted, they stated, Tom claimed, Jack wondered if...)

1. Макс любит бокс - Max likes box
2. Она сейчас играет в видеоигру - She is playing a video game now
3. Он не придет завтра - He will not come tomorrow
4. Они уже все сделали? - Have they already done everything?
5. Лена не пришла вчера - Lena didn't come yesterday
6. Том играет в шахматы? - Does Tom play chess?
7. Нина сейчас бегает? - Is Nina running now?
8. Джек завтра будет в Лондоне - Jack will be in London tomorrow
9. Он уже написал книгу - He has already written the book
10. Она ничего не купила - She didn't buy anything

Ответы:

1. Max said that he liked box
2. She said that she was playing a video game then
3. He said that he wouldn't come the next day
4. I wonder if they had already done everything
5. She said that Lena hadn't come the day before
6. He asked if Tom played chess
7. They wondered if Nina was running at that time
8. Jack said that he would be in London the next day
9. He said that he had already written the book
10. She said that she hadn't bought anything