В этом посте вы узнаете, что такое косвенная речь, и как правильно ее употреблять в английском языке.
Что такое косвенная речь?
При помощи косвенной речи мы можем сообщить о том, что было сказано кем-то, но не дословно.
Например:
- They said that you hadn't liked the movie
- Косвенная речь: Они сказали, что тебе не понравилось кино
- Дословно: Мне не понравилось кино
- She mentioned that she liked tennis
- Косвенная речь: Она отметила, что она любит теннис
- Дословно: Я люблю теннис
- He claimed that he wouldn't come
- Косвенная речь: Он заявил, что не придет
- Дословно: Я не приду
- Tom said that he was preparing for the exam
- Косвенная речь: Том сказал, что он готовится к экзамену
- Дословно: Я готовлюсь к экзамену
Как работает косвенная речь?
Чтобы передать какое-либо высказывание в косвенной речи, мы просто переносим грамматическое время предложения "на одно время назад".
Например:
- Present Simple --> Past Simple
- I like cheese - He said that he liked cheese
- Past Simple --> Past Perfect
- I went to America - She said that she had gone to America
- Future Simple --> Future in the Past
- Will you come to the party? They asked if you would come to the party
- Present Continuous --> Past Continuous
- I am going home - Tom said that he was going home
- Present Perfect --> Past Perfect
- They have arrived in New York - They said that they had arrived in New York
Обстоятельства времени в косвенной речи
Переводя предложения в косвенную речь, не забывайте менять обстоятельства времени:
- today --> that day
- I can't do it today - He said that he couldn't do it that day
- yesterday --> the day before
- I saw him yesterday - She said that she had seen him the day before
- tomorrow --> the next day
- Will you do it tomorrow? - He asked if you would do it the next day
- ago --> before
- I saw him 2 days ago - He said that he had seen him 2 days before
- this --> that
- I like this chair - He said that he liked that chair
- these --> those
- These books are awesome - He said that those books were awesome
- here --> there
- I can't stay here - She said that she couldn't stay there
- last year --> the year before
- I was there last year - He said that he had been there the year before
- last month --> the month before
- I finished the project last month - She said that she had finished the project the month before
- next --> the following
- See you next week - He said that we would see each other the following week
- now --> then / at that time
- He is eating now - She said that he was eating then / at that time
Структура косвенной речи
Утверждения и отрицания передаются при помощи союза "that", который можно опускать. Он ставится (или не ставится) после вступительной фразы (he explained that, she said that, they noted that)
Например:
- I finished school - She said (that) she had finished school
- I don't like you - He said (that) he didn't like me
Вопросы передаются при помощи союзов if / whether. Их опускать нельзя. Они ставятся после конструкции вопроса (she asked, he wondered, they wanted to know). При этом сам знак вопроса не ставится.
Например:
- Did you finish school? He asked me if / whether I had finished school
- Do you like me? She asked if / whether I liked her
Согласование времен. Косвенная речь. Контрольные упражнения
Хороший репетитор по английскому посоветовал бы закрепить изученную тему: следующие упражнения помогут вам научиться правильно использовать косвенную речь в английском языке.
Пожалуйста, переведите следующие предложения в косвенную речь.
Можете выбирать любого деятеля (he said, she noted, they stated, Tom claimed, Jack wondered if...)
- Макс любит бокс - Max likes box
- Она сейчас играет в видеоигру - She is playing a video game now
- Он не придет завтра - He will not come tomorrow
- Они уже все сделали? - Have they already done everything?
- Лена не пришла вчера - Lena didn't come yesterday
- Том играет в шахматы? - Does Tom play chess?
- Нина сейчас бегает? - Is Nina running now?
- Джек завтра будет в Лондоне - Jack will be in London tomorrow
- Он уже написал книгу - He has already written the book
- Она ничего не купила - She didn't buy anything
Ответы:
- Max said that he liked box
- She said that she was playing a video game then
- He said that he wouldn't come the next day
- I wonder if they had already done everything
- She said that Lena hadn't come the day before
- He asked if Tom played chess
- They wondered if Nina was running at that time
- Jack said that he would be in London the next day
- He said that he had already written the book
- She said that she hadn't bought anything